This course extends the knowledge of the analytical chemistry to include the fundamental principles and application of modern instrumental methods including electrochemistry, spectroscopic, and spectrometric and other methods. The topics covered have applications to many subject areas in Natural Sciences, Life Science and Engineering.
This course is presented in a lecture/discussion format. The content of the course includes
I. Introduction to Instrumental Analysis
A. Analytical Approach
B. Measurement Process
C. Classification
D. Method Selection
II. Neutron Activation Analysis
A. Principle
a) Measurement
• Radioactive decay rates
•Theory of Activation Method
b) Counting Statistics
•Radioactive decay distribution
•Standard deviation of counts
B. Experimental Considerations
a) Irradiation
b) Destructive Method
c) Nondestructive Method
C. Instrument
a) Neutron Source
• Reactor
• Thermal Neutron
b) Monochromator
• Flat Crystal Design
• Bent Crystal Design
c) -Ray Focusing
d) Detector
D. Scope/Application
E. Advantages and Disadvantages
III. Flow Injection Analysis
A. Apparatus
B. Band Broadening
C. Stopped-Flow Method
D. Flow Injection Titration
E. Merging Zones FIA
F. Variants of FIA
IV. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy/Spectrometry
A. Introduction to Spectroscopy
B. Characteristics of Electromagnetic radiation
C. Wave Property of Light and Optical Component
a) Interference
b) Transmission
c) Reflection
d) Refraction
e) Scattering
f) Diffraction
D. Particle Property of Light and Its Use
a) Photoelectric effect
b) Absorption
c) Emission
V. UV and Visible Absorption Spectrometry
A. Range and Type of UV/Vis Radiation
B. Principle
a) Molar Absorptivity
b) Spectroscopic Process
c) Effect of Multichromophores
d) d, f-electron Transition
C. Measurement
a) Standard Addition Method
b) Solvent Selection
c) Solvent Effect
d) Beer’s Law and Its Limitations
e) Spectrophotometric Uncertainty
D. Instrumentation
a) Single-Beam and Double-Beam Instruments
b) Sample Cell and Construction Materials
c) Source
d) Slit
e) Detector
E. Spectroscopic Information
a) Imaging
b) Qualitative
c) Quantitative
F. Spectral Analysis
a) Woodward-Fieser Rules
VI. Luminescence Spectroscopy
A. Luminescence
B. Principle
a) Spectroscopic Process
b) Quantum Yield
c) Favorable Condition for Luminescence
d) Emission Spectrum
e) 90˚ Detection
f) Luminescence Intensity
g) Type of Luminescence
C. Instrumentation
D. Spectroscopic Information
a) FL System
b) Fluorescent Agent
c) Use of Excited-State Molecules
d) Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
VII. Infrared Spectroscopy
A. Range and Type of IR Radiation
B. Principle
a) Molecular Excitation
b) Type of Molecular Vibration
c) Normal Mode of Vibration
d) Spectroscopic Process
e) IR-Active Vibration
C. Instrumentation
a) Nondispersive Instrument
b) Dispersive Instrument
c) Sample Cell and Construction Materials
d) Source
e) Wavelength Selector
f) Detector
D. Spectroscopic Information
a) Functional Group
b) Quantitative
VIII. Raman Spectroscopy
A. Principle
a) Polarizability
b) Raman Scattering
c) Energy Shift
d) Raman-Active Vibration
e) Raman Scattering Intensity
f) Advantage Over IR
B. Instrumentation
a) Laser
C. Spectroscopic Information
D. Raman vs. IR
IX. Surface Analysis
A. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
B. Auger Electron Spectroscopy
C. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
D. Surface Plasmon Resonance
E. Electron Microprobe
F. Scanning Electron Microscopy
G. Scanning Probe Microscopy
X. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
A. Spectroscopic Process
a) Absorption
b) Emission
B. Atomization
a) Flame
b) Electrothermal
c) Specialized
C. Method of Sample Introduction
a) Flame
b) Furnace
c) Plasma
D. Spectral Line Shape
a) Natural Line Width
i) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
ii) Full Width at Half Maximum
b) Pressure Broadening
c) Doppler Broadening
d) Background Radiation
e) Molecular Emission
f) Self-Absorption
E. Interference
a) Spectral
b) Chemical
F. AA Analytical Technique
a) Sample
b) Solvent
c) Calibration
d) Application
G. Instrumentation
a) Main Components
b) Component Layout
c) Sources
d) Spectrophotometers
H. Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy
a) Instrumentation
b) Interference
c) Application
XI. Atomic Emission Spectrometry
A. Plasma Source Spectrometry
a) Source
ICP
Microwave
Others
b) Spectrometer
• Sequential
• Multichannel
c) Others
B. Arc/Spark Spectrometry
a) Source
• DC Arc
• High-Voltage Spark
b) Application
C. Other Source Spectrometry
a) Source
• Flame Emission
• Glow Discharge
XII. Atomic X-Ray Spectroscopy
A. Fundamental
a) Emission
b) Absorption Spectra
c) X-ray Flourescence
b) X-ray Diffraction
B. Instrumentation
a) Source
b) Filter
c) Monochromator
d) Transducer
e) Signal Processor
C. X-ray Fluorescence Method
a) Instrument
b) Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis
c) Quantitative Analysis
D. X-ray Absorption Method
a) X-ray Diffraction Method
b) Identification of Crystalline Compounds
c) Interpretation of Diffraction Patterns